Oh, I definitely think you could pull off slipping a chapter or more like this into a modern novel (especially if it wasn't a first novel) - Neal Stephenson does it in some of his books, too, iirc - but I doubt anyone could get away with starting with fourteen of them in a row, not even those authors. :P (And even Hugo barely talked his editor into Waterloo, so...)

And short fiction ... I'm not actually sure? I mostly only know anything about the short fiction market in SF, and while it's getting smaller and smaller every year, I think as a result you can actually get away with being more experimental? Because nobody expects anybody but really hard-core fans to buy the magazines anyway, and most of them they pay authors even less of a living wage than novel advances are, they'll actually put in some really unconventional storytelling - you might even be able to sell 1500 words worth of describing a space station room-by-room, or the household budget of a necromancer, if you came up with the right hook.